The Marxist Theories Of International Relations Politics Essay

The Marxist Theories Of International Relations Politics Essay Nothing to do with Marxism/Leninism as a State Ideology, although associated with it, and embarrassed by it. Marxism is a set of analytical theories, that experience a renaissance today, because it appears clearly again, after the triumphalism of the 1990s, that Capitalism is in a constant crisis. In Latin America, in Asia, and even here in the USA, financial crises happen quite frequently. Also, even when capitalism is working, it might not produce favourable outcomes for everybody. Globalisation is good for American companies, but not necessarily for the American blue collar worker. Strength of Marxism: to understand the role of the economy in politics and analyse why crises are part of it. In International Politics: it investigates the role of global capitalism in world politics. It is a theory that is very disconcerting, for it demonstrates things that we usually dont want to hear or know: that our wealth in the West is dependent upon the poverty and misery of the people in the other parts of the world. In Marxs words; accumulation of wealth at one pole is, therefore, at the same time accumulation of misery, agony of toil, slavery, ignorance, brutality at the opposite pole. Hence, that 1/5 of the worlds population is living in extreme poverty, 30,000 children die every day from preventable diseases 1 bn people dont have access to clean water In 34 countries the life expectancy is now lower than it was in 1990 is not a god-given feature of our world, but to a significant extent caused by the way the global economy works. Here we will talk about four different theories that take inspiration from Marxism. What do they have in common? Society and Politics are a Totality. The division into History, Sociology, IR, Political Science, Economics and so on is misleading and problematic. Every issue, problem is part of this totality. Current example: USA vs. Iraq: what is relevant? Military power, nuclear weapons, balance of power, regime type, culture, religion, economic interests in oil and so on. So to isolate one of these point always misses that the picture is always a large one and a complicated one. A materialist conception of history. History is driven by the tension between the means of production (labour, tools, technology, capital) and the relations of production (the socio-economic conditions that prevail in a society: Feudalism, Slaveholder society, Capitalism) Former transform and improve, straining against the latter: during Feudalism, manufacturing needed more free worker, undermining the bondage of peasants and the power of guilds. Slavery in 1865 was not only a moral depravity but also economically outdated. It is too inefficient to compete with modern manufacturing in large scale. This tension will over time lead to the transformation of social relations: the freeing of peasants in Europe, of slaves here in the USA, and so on. Also, the economic sector (means and relations of production) dominates the political, legal, and cultural system. This superstructure reflects and reinforces the way the economic sector, the base is run. We have a political system that support s and reinforces capitalist property, our laws protect property, our welfare states keep the people alive so they wont revolt or starve. Our culture facilitates the reaping of profits for large companies and corporations: fashion, music, arts, entertainment, also education is guided towards profit maximisation of capital. Class is a central concept: in every society there is class conflict. In capitalist society, there is the conflict between bourgeoisie and proletariat. A bit too simple perhaps today, but if you know what Enron did to its employees, you get an idea that the interest of the capitalist are not always the interests of the workers or employees. Philosophers have only interpreted the world in various ways, the point, however, is to change it. Emancipation and change were the goal for him: to end capitalism and its exploitation of the workers, and to create a more just society. This is still on the agenda, not least in global politics. World Systems Theory (Wallerstein) Based on insights that globalised capitalism is creating a core-periphery in the world, and that all economic interactions take place within a global context. The location of states in this system determines their behaviour and their interactions. Page 207: Core: industrialised and modern parts of world economy. Periphery: the exploited part from which we receive cheap resources and raw material. Terms of trade are deteriorating in the long run for Periphery: raw material gets cheaper, manufactured goods more expansive. Semi-Periphery: plays an interesting part: stabilizes capitalism in Core by providing cheap labour and by taking up labour intensive industries that move out of core. Temporal factor: cyclical rhythms: expansion and contraction: stock market, trade, etc secular trends: over time moving up or down through cyclical rhythms contradictions: central part of capitalism: crisis of underconsumption laying off workers makes profits rise, but then no-one buys stuff, so even more lay-offs Crisis: of a whole world system, possibility for change Gramscianism Problem that Antonio Gramsci dealt with: how come there is no revolution occurring in Western Europe? How can capitalism stabilize itself and make workers believe that Capitalism is also in their interest? Why is nobody really challenging it? Hegemony: dominant ideology distributed through society via media, culture, education, churches, etc (civil society). Its a soft form of power, complementing coercion. People are raised and socialized to accept no alternative to Capitalism, schools teach about its virtues, and everybody takes it for granted that we are a capitalist society. So the Superstructure (politics, culture, etc) feeds back and stabilizes the basis. In international politics, Robert Cox above all has used and developed these fascinating ideas about the relationship between material reality (economics) and ideological superstructure (politics and culture) in investigating the way this works in the international economy. Success of free trade and neoliberalism all over the world needs to be explained: How come everybody assumes that free trade is the solution to the economic problems of every country, when it so blatantly is not? As Cox points out, theory is always a theory for some one, and for some purpose. Its never neutral and objective, it always benefits some and does not benefit or oppresses others. Values about right and wrong are inherent and implicit in any theory. And the hegemonic ideology of neoliberalism does just that: it benefits the interest of the rich and powerful in world economics. It opens up markets to their powerful and efficient companies. It makes resources and raw materials available for a cheap price, as it forces these countries to focus on those resources for income, and forces them into a competition with each other. It allows Western companies to snap up privatised companies in Third World countries at bargain prices. . Thus, by forcing the countries of the underdeveloped world into the free market economy, we do this above all to support our own interests. By claiming and spreading the news that there is no alternative to neoliberalism and free trade, we abolish alternatives for these countries. And if they still resist, ideology is enforced by international institutions. Case discussed in Box 10.3 is very good here. It should be noted in this context that those countries that successfully developed their economies since the 1950s in the Third World (South Korea, Taiwan, Singapore, Malaysia, India) did so with a significant role for the state and protectionist policies. Education systems were crucial. If countries resist, the IMF refused to give them financial aid that they need to get out of debt. Also, further problem: West itself does not take free trade all that seriously. OXFAM REPORT HERE. Marxism and Globalisation: The growing integration of national economies, the increasing interdependence of societies, and the proliferation of global organisations and networks are in a sense nothing new to Marxism. They have been looking at these developments for the longest time: Capitalism itself is the driving force behind it. Capitalism is expansive, and transformative. It constantly seeks new markets for its products, and it transforms the societies it reaches in this pursuit. Traditional societies that have survived through centuries are melted down and turned into modern capitalist societies with all the repercussions this has. And as economic developments and economic power will only increase in the future, these kind of theories will become more relevant than Realism and Liberalism. And as the globalising economy now produces more and more undesirable outcomes, not only in the Third World, but also here at home, we might also pay attention to the emancipatory aspect of Marxism and the question of transforming the global economy to make it fairer, and more just.

Proud Moment

If I had to describe a proud moment of mine it would have to be about the summer that just recently passed. In the summer I work as a lifeguard, a serious job that isn’t always taken as serious as it should be, but when faced with danger most of the employees know what to do. Anyways, in the summer I worked as a lifeguard in the afternoons and evenings and in the morning, I would teach younger children how to swim. I was their instructor and they were my students. We had a lot of fun, and I absolutely loved teaching little kids how to do something that I love to do myself. It was hot summer day and a lot of the camp children from the local boys and girls club had just arrived. So all of the lifeguards on duty assumed their positions and conducted a swimming test for the camp kids to make sure they were capable of swimming in the deep end. Once the swim test was over we now let the public into the pool area. A good sized group arrived at the pool, the group consisted of a single lady and about 5-7 other kids. A few of the older ones in the group had been to the pool before so I knew what they were capable of doing in the water. But there was this one little girl that made her was to the deep side and I asked one of them older kids if she was able to swim in the deep end and they said yeah she was she can swim. So silly me, I believed them and continued on with my day surveying the rest of the pool. As I watched the kids climb out of the pool and go do jumps I noticed that the little girl was up next to jump. Remembering the conversation I had with the older kids, I turned to focus on something else, and the next thing I knew, the little girl was bobbing up and down, so I immediately kicked of my flip flops and jumped off of the guard chair and into the pool. I grabbed the little girl and pushed her to the wall. My adrenaline was so high, I didn’t even notice that someone had pulled her out of the water after I brought her to the side. This would have to be my proudest moment not only because I was just doing my job as a lifeguard but I had saved a little girls life. I am pretty proud of myself now even though it is 4 months later. Not much has changed but I am proud that I am enrolled in higher education trying to make something out of myself and make a good living. I am also proud that I am having fun along the way. There really aren’t any differences between these two proud moments other than one was a paying job and it was my duty to help people and now it is my personal duty to fulfill what I want out of life.

The Argumentative Essay Topics on Women s Rights Diaries

The Argumentative Essay Topics on Women 's Rights Diaries Today gender roles are shifted, making strong influence on society. Your essay may revolve around gender issues from different sections of the world such as women rights in the Middle East and so forth. In the modern society, gender means a whole lot more than it used to. These days, the theme of gender equality and gender studies is quite popular throughout the world. Women ought to be fined each time they scream. They are not exceptional too. They were allowed to work 16 hours a day and perform men's duties. They should be allowed to work. The Hidden Truth About Argumentative Essay Topics on Women's Rights Facts, in the long run, will always win out against how folks are feeling at a specific moment. To make things worse, they were forced to take a seat behind a curtain. A number of issues of concern stay unsolved. You should have your reasons, and our primary concern is that you wind up getting a great grade. Things You Should Know About Argumentative Essay Topics on Women's Rights Is it true that the thesis go at the conclusion of the conclusion. For Writing a Good Essay you need to choose fantastic topics. Researching the topic will enable you to find out more about what fascinates you, and should you pick something you truly like, writing the essay will be more enjoyable. Moral argumentative essay topics are a few of the simplest to get carried away with. So in case you have been assigned with Essay Assignment on social issues then transgender rights is among the crucial elements of your subject. With all these things to argue about and for, it may be a bit overwhelming to develop a topic by yourself. A great essay topic is something you love. Review of credible sources on the subject. Inspiration to make your own advertising or media argumentative essay topics isn't tricky to discover. You may continue to keep your argumentative essays for your upcoming job portfolio in case they're highly graded. Such assignments could be based on an assortment of topics. You ought to be well accustomed with all the formats so that you're able to produce a superior work. The Hidden Secret of Argumentative Essay Topics on Women's Rights Argumentative essay topics are so important since they are debatableand it's essential to at all times be critically contemplating the world around us. An essential essay will allow you to shed some light on the issue of censorship and capacity to speak freely. An essay about feminism can be approached from several sides, and various topics can turn into a foundation for this kind of academic papers. Don't hesitate to decide on any of the gender essay topics within this list and start the journey to a well-written essay on gender troubles. To make sure that your paper doesn't discriminate anyone, attempt to imagine which you're reading it to the mixed audience of unique genders. Therefore, writing a great thesis is an ambitious task that demands care and practice. That which we're searching for in an argumentative essay topic is something which may expand people's minds and permit them to have a look at a topic in a new light. At the conclusion of these list, you are going to discover links to a variety of argumentative paragraphs and essays. It's important to select debatable argumentative essay topics as you need opposing points you may counter to your own points. Sample speech titles should be added.

Bulfinchs Mythology Analysis - 705 Words

â€Å"Mythology is a subjective truth. Every culture imagines life a certain way† Devdutt Pattanaik (Brainyquote). A myth, which is a story that contains early history of civilization, explains and discloses the cultural inferences through the readings. As told in Bulfinch’s Mythology by Thomas Bulfinch, cultural aspects are revealed in Prometheus and Pandora, Apollo and Daphne, and Hercules. This includes, societal roles determined by sex and morals. Societal roles determined by sex is also reveled in Prometheus and Pandora. [D1: Position] Thomas Bulfinch displays this when Zeus imposes Prometheus and Epimetheus with an unpleasant gift: a woman named Pandora, â€Å"Women was not yet made. The story is that Jupiter made her, and sent her to†¦show more content†¦[E2: Quote] When Apollo saw Cupid, a petite boy playing with a small bow, he admired the fact that he could kill an enemy because he had killed Python. With Cupid being small in stature and Apollo being might, he started to insult Cupid on account of his bow. [D3: Rephrase] Furthermore, Daphne’s father insisted on a son in law, â€Å"Her father often said to her, ‘Daughter you owe me a son-in-law; you owe me children’ † (Bulfinch 28). [E3: Quote] Traditionally, the role for women were supposed to be acquitted by a man but Daphne thought weddings were a crime,[D4:Rephrase] â€Å"She, hating the thought of marriage as a crime†¦ and said, ‘Dearest father, grant me this favour, that I may always remain unmarried, like Diana’ † (Bulfinch 28-29). [E4: Quote] Apollo and Daphne demonstrates the societal roles determined by sex. Bulfinch also demonstrates morals in Hercules. [D1: Position] For example, â€Å" Hercules in a fit of madness killed his friend Iphitus, and was condemned for this offence to become the slave of Queen Omphale† (Bulfinch 121-122). [E1:Quote] With Hercules being the strongest man, he violates the law on several occasions. Out of the several incidents, one of them was when Hercules was sold into slavery as a result of him killing Iphitus. [D2: Rephrase] Another example of when Hercules disrespects the law is, â€Å"...the precious infant strangled them with his own hands.He was, however, by the arts of

Analysis Of Aristotle s The Golden Mean - 820 Words

Final Exam- The Golden Mean In the philosophical book Nicomachean Ethics, Aristotle introduces the means to reach the ultimate good of happiness. A guide called the Golden Mean is provided to therefore reach eudemonia. This concept encourages a balance in life in order to remain virtuous. There is, however, social movements such as feminism and the black activists that shows exceptions to this principle. This mean is also inexact, as it is relative to each, and is thus subjective to its level of virtuosity regarding someone’s actions, giving no ultimate guide for human’s to follow. In this essay, I will be articulating a definition and a critical analysis of Aristotle’s concept of the Golden Mean. Aristotle observed that happiness can be attained through the possession of virtues, such as, courage, temperance, patience, modesty, and more. True virtue can withstand any misfortunes in life, and thus be key to attaining happiness. He also observes that every virtue is between two vices. The Golden Mean is the desirable middle of virtue between two extreme, such as excess and deficiency. The same actions that produce virtue can be the cause of its destruction. Excess and deficiency is detrimental to virtue. For instance, a man who fears too much is cowardly and a man who fears too little is reckless. Its desirable virtue would thus be courage. Another example could be the mean of proper desire, or pride, which in deficiency would be laziness, and in excess, zealous. Moreover,Show MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Aristotle s The Golden Mean 1109 Words   |  5 PagesPart 3 - Aristotle - The Golden Mean Aristotle was a greek philosopher that taught and stressed many important and revolutionary ideas/philosophies. He was born in 384 BC, and was a student of Plato, as well as founded/ taught at several academies. He wrote on diverse subjects, including physics, metaphysics, poetry, logic, politics, government, and ethics. He contributed to almost every field of human knowledge in existence during his time, and he was the founder of many new fields. Aristotle was oneRead MoreTaming Of The Shrew By William Shakespeare1671 Words   |  7 Pagesbut given the opportunity to fulfill this task; Katherina from Shakespeare’s Taming of the Shrew displays the distinct characteristics which allow her to be placed among the sinners in the Inferno. Kate’s tragic flaw of being the shrew in the play means she personifies anger. Her anger is clearly seen at the beginning of the play, but appears to lessen during the remaining acts. On the surface it can be easy to conclude that Kate is a shrew no more and her marriage has tamed her. Shakespeare’s TamingRead MoreQuestions On A Ethical Dilemma1482 Words   |  6 Pagesbreach of policy or personal values, break the golden rule, the action is not publicly acceptable, or would harm others - then the action is a ethical dilemma. 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Hence metaethics provides guidance after normative and applied ethics fall short or contradict each other, as they do here for Miriam. Stakeholders have shared and conflictingRead MoreWhat Constitute Happiness to Man6479 Words   |  26 Pages In what does happiness consist? Is it the same for all men, or do different men seek different things in the name of happiness? Can happiness be achieved on earth, or only hereafter? And if the pursuit of happiness is not a futile quest, by what means or steps should it be undertaken? On all these questions, the great books set forth the fundamental inquiries and speculations, as well as the controversies to which they have given rise, in the tradition of western thought. There seems to be no question

American Culture and Politics Free Essays

This research looks at American Culture and Politics since there is so much in American history and culture. The proposal paper contains some of the findings about the American politics and culture. This paper can help scholars who want to have a wide knowledge about American politics and culture and how they influence each other. We will write a custom essay sample on American Culture and Politics or any similar topic only for you Order Now The primary research sources that will be used include: Questionnaire and Interview. Secondary sources include: published textbooks, and published statistics. INTRODUCTION To begin with, American conservatives claim that the Left, from its parapets of power in Hollywood, the universities, the national media, the federal courts, and the National Endowment for the Arts, has waged, for decades, a â€Å"culture war† upon the American people — a war that the people have been losing. The conservatives’ complaint is commonly put this way: the Left has set out to â€Å"politicize† American culture, to force it to conform to a new orthodoxy of political correctness in everything from homosexual marriage to pronoun usage (Kesler, 1998). The conservatives’ point is that culture should be above, or at least separated from, the political order; that civil society — the realm of art, religion, family, and private property — should be protected, for the sake of liberty as well as culture, against political encroachments. Instead of politics trying tyrannically or arbitrarily to create culture, politics should devote itself to conserving culture (Combs, 1991). According to Goodnow politics had to do with the policies or expressions of the state will (Parashar, 1997). Thus in the conservative view, politics should grow out of culture and serve culture, not the other way around. Scholars and activist on the left should take warning: What once political movements have become translated into personal quests for fulfillment (Cloud, 1998). But at this point one sees that there are actually two conservative views of culture. They differ on the question of what it means to â€Å"conserve† culture: Does it mean to keep government’s hands off it, to be neutral towards culture and allow it to develop however artists and citizens choose? Or does it mean a hands-on approach, an active promotion of â€Å"traditional American values† against their would-be subverters in and out of government? Hands-off is the preference both of libertarians, who tend to take a democratic and laissez faire attitude towards culture, and of those neo-conservatives who defend high culture against the public’s attempts to influence it (Josephson, 2007). The hands-on approach is preferred by the so-called Religious Right, by most who refer to themselves as â€Å"cultural conservatives† or traditionalists, and by many neo-conservatives who are repelled by the prospect of American society’s utter de-moralization. Even conservatives who are prepared to use government to shore up American culture, however, typically reject the notion that they are â€Å"politicizing† the culture (Whitfield, 1996). They argue that they are only using politics to get beyond politics — that is, to overcome the culture’s artificial or forced politicization. White Southerners, used to a friendly custodial environment, were confronting a more diverse and secular American culture (Marsden, 2006). Seizing upon this contradiction or ambiguity, the Left today charges that conservatives are prepared, when they are prepared, to take a laissez faire attitude towards culture only because theirs — the white male bourgeois culture — is the dominant one. When its hegemony is challenged, liberal critics note, as it is being challenged currently, then conservatives cease to be defenders of a hands-off cultural policy and quickly become advocates of cultural protectionism (Wald, Calhoun-brown, 2006). Yet in challenging the supposed hegemony of patriarchal or conservative culture, most liberal intellectuals do not imagine themselves to be calling for the hegemony of their own culture. Today’s liberals stand for â€Å"multiculturalism,† for the replacement of ruling-class culture by the multiplicity of cultures belonging to oppressed, or formerly oppressed, classes and groups. In the past, white males had used their culture to justify and reinforce their rule over the rest of society; it was white males who â€Å"politicized† culture, according to the multiculturalists (Sturm, 2002). Now, the rest of society — indeed, the world — can bring previously excluded cultures to bear in order to delegitimize the old â€Å"racist, sexist, homophobic† order and ordain a new, more inclusive one (Roper, 2002). From the standpoint of traditionalist conservatism, every society or people are defined by its culture, and therefore every culture is more or less an exclusive one (Neve, 1992). In John O’Sullivan’s words, â€Å"A multicultural society is a contradiction in terms and cannot survive indefinitely. It either becomes monocultural or runs into trouble. â€Å"1 At this juncture, we urgently need some clarity on the meaning of â€Å"culture. † Becoming American was initially a political and constitutional choice, but finally it necessitated a series of profound transformations in business, speech, dress, religion, literature, education, heroes, holidays, civic ceremonies — in character (Bergmann Seminar on Feminism and Culture in Latin America, 1990). The public schools movement was one of the most important, as well as one of the most obvious, of these subsequent efforts to conform the American people to their new republican institutions. It is an old political observation, echoed in Montesquieu and countless other writers, that in the beginning men make the institutions, and after that the institutions make the men. The American founders had this maxim very much in mind as they built the institutions that would guide the nation’s destiny, and today it is worth pondering anew. Perhaps it is time to build some new institutions, if we are to have a real chance to rehabilitate American culture. During a relatively brief period of time the first food industry has helped to transform not only the American diet, but also our landscape, economy, workforce, and popular culture (Schlosser, 2001) as a kind of growth: a culture is a living social organism that has particular ethnic â€Å"roots† and develops from those roots, often flowering into unique, that is, characteristic achievements of high art. To understand a culture means therefore to appreciate it in its particularity, to see it as a unique historical growth — not as a mere exemplum of a common and unchanging human nature, much less as an imperfect embodiment of the best political or social order. Reason has little to do with culture in this sense, therefore, because the modern concept of culture emphasizes the ethnic, the particular, the authentic at the expense of the universal; whereas reason strives, even in practical affairs, to see particulars in the light of universals. An authentic culture is natural in the sense of being an uncoerced growth, not in the sense of containing universal principles that can be grasped and perhaps manipulated by reason (Tomsich, 1971). Accordingly, an authentic culture cannot be designed or planned because it cannot be thought through; it is always in the process of slow change or adaptation. Ever since Edmund Burke, whose defense of the British Constitution became the model for the Right’s thinking on the cultural roots of politics in general, conservatives have argued that culture is neither a goal that politicians can seek to achieve nor a product that they can make — let alone export. SUMMARY Oddly enough, the multiculturalists agree with the traditionalists on the primacy of culture over politics, and to some extent even on the definition of culture. What the multiculturalists insist on, however, is that culture does not have to be exclusive, or more precisely, that Americans can participate in many cultures without succumbing to any one of them and without ceasing to be American. But this is to pile absurdity upon absurdity. References Bergmann, E. L. Seminar on Feminism and Culture in Latin America. (1990). Women, culture, and politics in Latin America. California: University of California Press. Cloud, D. L. (1998). Control and consolation in American culture and politics: rhetoric of therapy. New Delhi: SAGE. Combs, J. E. (1991). Polpop 2: politics and popular culture in America today?. New York: Popular Press. Eric Schlosser. (2001). Fast food nation: the dark side of the all-American meal, Volume 1000. New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. Josephson, M. (2007). The President Makers – the Culture of Politics and Leadership in an Age of Enlightenment 1896-1919. New York: READ BOOKS. Kesler, C. R. (1998, May 15). Culture, Politics, and the American Founding. Retrieved June 13, 2010, from www. claremont. org: http://www. claremont. org/publications/pubid. 496/pub_detail. asp Lipartito, K. Sicilia, D. B. (2004). Constructing corporate America: history, politics, culture. New York: Oxford University Press. Marsden, G. M. (2006). Fundamentalism and American culture. New York: Oxford University Press US. Neve, B. (1992). Film and politics in America: a social tradition. New York: Rout ledge. Parashar, P. (1997). Public Administration in the Developed World. New Delhi: Sarup Sons. Roper, J. (2002). The contours of American politics: an introduction. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell. Sturm, C. (2002). Blood politics: race, culture, and identity in the Cherokee Nation of Oklahoma. California: University of California Press. Tomsich, J. (1971). A genteel endeavor: American culture and politics in the gilded age. California: Stanford University Press. Whitfield, S. J. (1996). American space, Jewish time: essays in modern culture and politics. New York: M. E. Sharpe. Wald, K. d. Calhoun-brown, A. (2006). Religion and politics in the United States. Oxford: Rowman Littlefield. How to cite American Culture and Politics, Papers

Right to Life and Human Dignity

Question: Explain the core principles of that theory.? Demonstrate how the principles of the theory support a certain position on that question.? Articulate a relevant objection to the theory on the basis of that argument.? Answer: Introduction- "End of life medical care- Euthanasia" The word Euthanasia has been derived from Greek words " Eu " and " Thanatos ". The word 'eu' means good and the word 'Thanatos' means death. Thus the meaning of the Euthanasia is a beautiful death. There are two theories of this Euthanasia. One is utilitarian theory and other is a Deontologiacl ethical theory (Collins, F. 2008). The former one stresses on the right or wrong consequences which determines morality while the latter focuses on the intent of the action such as duties, principles and respect for rights. The report would focus on the Utilitarian theory with respect to Euthanasia. The report would look at various aspects of what are the principles of this Utilitarian theory. The Utilitarian theory which is applied to "End of life medical care- Euthanasia" According to the utilitarian theory the actions which are performed for promoting the happiness of an individual is right.The actions or the activities which leads to give pain to an individual is not considered as a right. According to the Utilitarian theory the consequences should be given due importance (Stumpf, S. 1970). It is the consequence which decides that a particular act at a particular time is appropriate or not. According to this theory, if a law is broken for the happiness of the majority of people, then it is considered as a right. On the other hand Rule utilitarianism said that an individual must obey to the rule, irrespective whether it gives the greatest pleasure to him or not (Hoxhaj, O. 2014) . The idea of this rule utilitarianism is that one must follow rules that may at the end gives happiness to the community. It does not mean that a person should be allowed for euthanasia. Thus, currently there is no practical way by which what is good or bad can be measured a ccording to utilitarian theory. Principles of the Utilitarian theory and its importance. The main principle of this theory is the happiness principle. The core of this theory is that anything which is done can be justified as right if it gives maximum happiness to everyone involved. Happiness can be defined as pleasure and no pain or very minimum pain. Pleasure should be qualitative as per the theory and not just quantitative.There are other factors defining pleasure and in turn happiness, these are for how long it would be there, whether it is permanent or temporary happiness (Stuart mill, J. 2010).The principle says that we need to calculate and evaluate benefits of all the options which are available. A decision should be taken based on the best option of these benefits, As some of the options would destroy the happiness, whereas the other option might increase the happiness. While selecting the option to opt for, it is very important to identify what is the total happiness quotient involved. The Utilitarian theory and its support to Euthanasia. For Euthanasia which is the end of life, the above theory of Utilitarianism related to happiness is quite relevant. As for a human being, happiness is the most important thing in life. If a person or people close to him are not happy then there is no point of that life (Collins, F. 2008). So whenever a person has decided for Euthanasia it means that he have given a great deal of thought about how this is the best option and would reduce the suffering for everyone involved with him in this pain (Snyder, C. 2006).If the happiness quotient is higher for this option then there is no harm in going with this option, as this would reduce the stress level which is on all the people involved. From a long term prospective Euthanasia might not be a bad thing for the person as compare to whatever the person has been through entire life or even might have to undergo in the future.All the factors should be considered before deciding on Euthanasia. Relevant objections to the Utilitarian theory. Euthanasia is the end of life of a person by his own wish or it can be said that the wishful death of a person. It is very easy to say that a person will get happiness by accepting death or for the relatives attached to the person, but actually it is not that easy to decide (Varelius, J. 2013). When a person suffers from the pain of the life and the medical science has no treatment left for the disease that he has and even with the passage of time his condition becomes worse than it is actually a good decision to end such a painful life but practically it is very difficult to decide that it is the appropriate time to end the life (Stumpf, S. 1970). To give happiness to another by ending ones own life is not that easy. But it is difficult to understand how a person can get happiness by ending his own life or how the person attached to him can get happiness by his death. It is quite difficult to justify that death would give happiness to the people surrounding that person. Conclusion Euthanasia means the peaceful death that one wants when he has no option left in medical treatment. Now when it relates to Utilitarian theory, means what is right and what is wrong will be determined by the consequences that determines the morality. This report has provided details that the happiness can be given to a person who is severely ill and has no medical treatment left with which his condition can be improved. Even with the passage of time his condition becomes even worse. So in such kind of situation the wish to die is appropriate or not should be determined based on the happiness the option would provide. Also the ultimate principle of utilitarian theory which is happiness to the majority should be given due consideration before finalizing on any decision for the person.7.0 References References Collins, F. (2008). Retrieved 11 May 2015, fromhttps://www.baruch.cuny.edu/facultyhandbook/documents/FrankCollinsentryUndergraduatewinner.pdf EUTHANASIAA MEDICOLEGAL STUDY. (2001).JAMA,285(2), 144. Hoxhaj, O. (2014). Euthanasia - The Choice between the Right to Life and Human Dignity.Academic Journal Of Interdisciplinary Studies. Snyder, C. (2006).Euthanasia. Detroit: Greenhaven Press. Stuart mill, J. (2010).Siue.edu. Retrieved 11 May 2015, fromhttps://www.siue.edu/~evailat/i-mill.html Stumpf, S. (1970). Euthanasia and the Right to Death: The Case for Voluntary Euthanasia.JAMA: The Journal Of The American Medical Association,214(8), 1567. The Lancet Neurology,. (2003). Right to dieright or wrong?.The Lancet Neurology,2(10), 583. Varelius, J. (2013). Voluntary Euthanasia, Physician-Assisted Suicide, and the Right to do Wrong.HEC Forum,25(3), 229-243.